1. What is a Battery?
2. How many types of battery?
3. Secret of A Battery Life
4. Cells Maintenance and Manual
5. Battery Charger use Manual
6. Battery problem solving
1.What is a Battery?
In science and technology domain, a battery is an electric storage device, which can be found in any number of shapes, sizes, voltages and capacities. When two conducting materials (often-dissimilar metals) are immersed in a solution, an electrical potential will exist between them. If connected together through a closed circuit, a current will flow. Individual cells are typically 1.5 volts and these can be connected together to produce batteries of a higher voltage. For example, inside the common 9 volt battery are six 1.5 volt cells connected in series.
An electrochemical battery - or, more precisely, a "cell" - is a device in which the reaction between two substances can be made to occur in such a way that some of the chemical energy is converted to useful electricity. When the cell can only be used once, it is called a "primary" cell. When the chemical reaction can be reversed repeatedly by applying electrical energy to the cell, it is called a "secondary" cell and can be used in an accumulator or "storage" battery.
Most of the components common to all cells are:
- The "cathode" or "positive" electrode, which consists of a mass of "electron-receptive" chemical held in intimate contact with a metallic "plate" through which the electrons arrive from the external circuit.
- The "anode" or "negative" electrode, which consists of another chemical which readily gives up electrons - an "electron donor" - similarly held in close contact with a metallic member through which electrons can be conducted to the external circuit.
- The "electrolyte," usually a liquid solution that permits the transfer of mass necessary to the overall reaction. This movement takes place by "migration" of "ions" - positively or negatively charged molecular fragments - from anode to cathode and from cathode to anode.
Batteries are divided into following types:
1. Primary cells: Alkaline battery, Zincic air battery, Zincic carbolic battery, Mercury battery, Oxyride battery, Lithium battery...
2. Rechargeable battery or secondary cells: Lead-Acid battery, nickel-metal-hydride, nickel-cadmium, Li-ion battery, Li-polymer battery, Nickel-zinc battery...
3. Batteries by usage and shape: 9V battery, A,AA,AAA battery, Atomic battery, Backup battery, C battery, Car battery, Watch battery...
Life of primary batteries
Even if never taken out of the original package, disposable (or "primary") batteries can lose 8 to 20 percent of their original charge every year at a temperature of about 20°–30°C. This is known as the "self discharge" rate and is due to non-current-producing "side" chemical reactions, which occur within the cell even if no load is applied to it. The rate of the side reactions is reduced if the batteries are stored at low temperature, although some batteries can be damaged by freezing. High or low temperatures may reduce battery performance. This will affect the initial voltage of the battery. For an AA alkaline battery this initial voltage is approximately normally distributed around 1.6 volts.
Life of rechargeable batteries
Rechargeable batteries traditionally self-discharge more rapidly than disposable alkaline batteries; up to three percent a day (depending on temperature). However, modern Lithium designs have reduced the self-discharge rate to a relatively low level (but still poorer than for primary batteries). Due to their poor shelf life, rechargeable batteries should not be stored and then relied upon to power flashlights or radios in an emergency. For this reason, it is a good idea to keep alkaline batteries on hand. NiCd Batteries are almost always "dead" when purchased, and must be charged before first use.
Although rechargeable batteries may be refreshed by charging, they still suffer degradation through usage. Low-capacity Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) batteries (1700-2000 mAh) can be charged for about 1000 cycles, whereas high capacity NiMH batteries (above 2500 mAh) can be charged for about 500 cycles. Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) batteries tend to be rated for 1,000 cycles before their internal resistance increases beyond usable values. Normally a fast charge, rather than a slow overnight charge, will result in a shorter battery lifespan. However, if the overnight charger is not "smart" (i.e. it cannot detect when the battery is fully charged), then overcharging is likely, which will damage the battery. Degradation usually occurs because electrolyte migrates away from the electrodes or because active material falls off the electrodes. NiCd batteries suffer the drawback that they should be fully discharged before recharge. Without full discharge, crystals may build up on the electrodes, thus decreasing the active surface area and increasing internal resistance. This decreases battery capacity and causes the dreaded "memory effect". These electrode crystals can also penetrate the electrolyte separator, thereby causing shorts. NiMH, although similar in chemistry, does not suffer from ‘memory effect’ to quite this extent.
4.Cells Maintenance and ManualBattery life can be extended by storing the batteries at a low temperature, as in a refrigerator or freezer, because the chemical reactions in the batteries are slower. Such storage can extend the life of alkaline batteries by ~5%; while the charge of rechargeable batteries can be extended from a few days up to several months. In order to reach their maximum voltage, batteries must be returned to room temperature. As Fllow: The speed by which lithium-based batteries ages is governed by temperature and state-of-charge.
There are a variety of things that you can do to keep your laptop battery running in tip-top shape.
1. Condition it every two to three weeks. Completely discharge it and then recharge it completely. This will help the battery maintain maximum life.
2. When running off the AC power unit, only leave the battery in the battery bay when it needs to be charged.
3. Use the power sparingly. Set up your power settings to turn off the hard drive when the system is in an idle mode. Same with the screen.
4. Avoid erroneous usage of battery, such as heavy pressure, short circuit, fall off and so on.
Mixed the new battery with old some is correct ?
In fact, just the opposite to what your wish, this will reduce the battery use life. This act used battery mixed with new battery will reduce the battery normal use time.
5.Battery Charger use Manual1. Place the battery in the right direction and make sure that the battery is tightly fit into the battery charger and the metal points
2. Connect the adaptor with the battery charger and power supply
3. The indicator shows red and when the battery is charging and it will show green and when the battery is fully charged
4. Unplug the adaptor carefully before taking out the battery
5. Repeat the same procedure when using the car adaptor
Battery charger cautions:
1. Use designated battery on this charger only
2. Do not modify or disassemble the battery charger under any circumstances
3. Do not immerse in or expose to water
4. Do not short circuit or store the battery charger with metal objects
5. Do not imply any pressure on the battery charger or it may cause damage to it and may affect its performance
6. Avoid placing the battery charger under high temperature or next to heat sensitive materials
7. The battery charger should be laid horizontally on flat surface when charging
8. Unplug the battery charger if not using it for a period of time
9. Keep the metal points clean at all time
10. Keep out of reach of children.
1)Reason:
a.The battery has no voltage.
b.There is problem with charger, as it has no output electric current.
c.Low charging efficiency due to external cause.
2)Solutions:
a.Test whether the charger has voltage and output electric current or not.
b.Check if the charger is well contacted with battery.
c.Activate the battery with voltage and current 1.5 time higher then the highest ones of battery. (Use this method only when the battery can't be charged.)
